Titanium Smelting

Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov hlau titanium feem ntau yog rutile, uas muaj ntau tshaj 96% TiO2. Tsis muaj rutile ore lub teb chaws, xws li Soviet Union, kev siv ilmenite ua los ntawm "siab titanium slag", uas muaj li ntawm 90% TiO2. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, vim tus nqi ntawm ntuj rutile thiab dwindling reserves, lub teb chaws nyiam siv ilmenite ua los ntawm titanium-nplua nuj cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, siab titanium slag thiab dag rutile.

Titanium tau pom nyob rau hauv 1791, tab sis thawj zaug ua titanium ntshiab yog nyob rau hauv 1910, qhov nruab nrab ntawm ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Yog vim li cas yog: titanium muaj zog heev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los ua ke nrog oxygen, nitrogen, carbon thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus, kom extract ntshiab titanium yuav tsum tau hnyav heev.

Kev lag luam feem ntau siv sulfuric acid decomposition ntawm ilmenite titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide los ntawm titanium hlau titanium. Concentrated sulfuric acid kho hauv av ilmenite (concentrate), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no tshwm sim:

FeTiO3 + 3H2SO4 == Ti(SO4)2 + FeSO4 + 3H2O

FeTiO3+2H2SO4 == TiOSO4+FeSO4+2H2O

FeO+H2SO4 == FeSO4+H2O

Fe2O3+3H2SO4 == Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O

Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov impurity Fe2(SO4)3, hlau filings raug ntxiv thiab Fe3+ raug txo rau Fe2+, ces cov tshuaj yog txias rau hauv qab 273K, cia FeSO4-7H2O (ntsuab alum) kom crystallize raws li cov khoom lag luam.

Lub hydrolysis ntawm Ti (SO4) 2 thiab TiOSO4 precipitated dawb metatitanate precipitate, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog:

Ti(SO4)2+H2O == TiOSO4+H2SO4

TiOSO4+2H2O == H2TiO3+H2SO4

Titanium dioxide yog tsim los ntawm forging metatitanic acid:

H2TiO3 == TiO2+H2O

Kev tsim khoom ntawm titanium hlau siv hlau thermal txo txoj kev txo cov titanium tetrachloride. TiO2 (los yog ntuj rutile) thiab charcoal hmoov sib tov rhuab mus rau 1000 ~ 1100K, chlorination, thiab ua rau tiam TiCl4, vapor condensation.

TiO2+2C+2Cl2=TiCl4+2CO-

Txo ntawm TiCl4 nrog molten magnesium nyob rau hauv argon ntawm 1070K muab porous titanium daim txhuam cev:

TiCl4+2Mg=2MgCl2+Ti

Cov titanium daim txhuam cev no yog crushed, yaj nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev arc rauv thiab thaum kawg ua rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv titanium.

Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau: Ti+2I2=TiI4

TiI4 tau yog decomposed ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (nyob ib ncig ntawm 1250 degree):

TiI4=Ti+2I2

Qhov no ua rau cov titanium ntshiab rods.

Khoom thiab kev siv ntawm titanium thiab titanium alloys

Ntshiab titanium yog cov hlau dawb-dawb, uas muaj ntau yam zoo heev. Qhov ceev ntawm titanium yog 4.54g / cm3, 43% sib zog dua hlau, thiab me ntsis hnyav dua li lub teeb muaj koob npe hlau magnesium. Cov cuab yeej siv zog zoo ib yam li hlau, ob zaug loj dua li txhuas, tsib zaug loj dua magnesium. Titanium yog resistant rau kub kub, melting point 1942K, ze li ntawm 1000K siab tshaj kub, ze li ntawm 500K siab tshaj hlau.

Titanium belongs rau cov tshuaj muaj zog ntau dua ntawm cov hlau. Thaum rhuab nrog O2, N2, H2, S thiab halogens thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog-hlau lub luag hauj lwm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, titanium nto yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim ib tug nyias txheej ntawm ntom oxide tiv thaiv zaj duab xis, muaj peev xwm tiv taus lub luag hauj lwm ntawm muaj zog acids thiab txawm aqua regia, qhia muaj zog corrosion kuj. Yog li ntawd, cov hlau dav dav hauv cov kua qaub, alkali, ntsev tov ua rau tag nrho cov qhov thiab titanium muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab suab.

Cov kua titanium tuaj yeem yaj yuav luag txhua cov hlau, yog li nws tuaj yeem tsim cov alloys nrog ntau hom hlau. Titanium yog ntxiv rau cov hlau los tsim titanium hlau, uas yog tawv thiab hloov tau. Titanium thiab hlau Al, Sb, Be, Cr, Fe, thiab lwm yam.

Titanium alloy ua los ntawm dav hlau dua li lwm cov hlau ua los ntawm tib qhov hnyav ntawm lub dav hlau ntau tshaj 100 tus neeg caij tsheb. Ua los ntawm submarines, ob qho tib si seawater corrosion kuj, tab sis kuj ua rau lub siab sib sib zog nqus, nws qhov tob tob tshaj stainless hlau submarines tau nce los ntawm 80%. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, titanium tsis yog hlau nplaum, yuav tsis pom los ntawm mines, muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv zoo heev.

Titanium muaj "pro-biotic" 'kev sib deev. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm secretion thiab non-toxic, thiab nws yog adaptable rau txhua txoj kev kom tsis muaj menyuam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom kho mob, zus tau tej cov pob qij txha pob qij txha, lub hauv caug pob qij txha, lub xub pwg pob qij txha, pob qij txha, coercive pob qij txha, pob txha taub hau, lub plawv li qub, pob txha fixation clips. Thaum cov nqaij pob txha tshiab qhwv hauv cov "titanium cov pob txha", cov pob txha titanium pib tswj cov kev ua ub no ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Titanium yog dav faib nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, thiab lub cev tib neeg lub cev cov ntsiab lus tsis ntau tshaj 15mg ib 70kg ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav, thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm yog tseem tsis meej. Txawm li cas los xij, titanium tuaj yeem txhawb nqa phagocytes, kom lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv tau raug lees paub.

Titanium compounds thiab siv

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm titanium suav nrog: titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), thiab barium metatitanate (BaTiO3).

Ntshiab titanium dioxide yog hmoov dawb, yog cov xim dawb zoo heev, lub npe lag luam "titanium dioxide". Nws muaj ob qho tib si npog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau lead dawb (PbCO3) thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm zinc dawb (ZnO). Yog li ntawd, tib neeg feem ntau ntxiv titanium dioxide nyob rau hauv cov xim, ua los ntawm high-qib xim dawb; nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kev lag luam raws li ib tug muab tub lim ntxiv rau daim ntawv paddle; textile kev lag luam ua tus neeg sawv cev matting rau cov khoom siv fiber ntau.

Hauv kev lag luam textile ua tus neeg sawv cev matting rau tib neeg ua fibers; nyob rau hauv cov iav, ceramics, enamel kev lag luam raws li ib tug additive los txhim kho nws cov kev ua tau zoo; siv los ua ib qho catalyst hauv ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj yog nce zuj zus niaj hnub no, titanium dioxide thiab titanium tebchaw raws li zoo tshuaj cov khoom, muaj ib tug siab ntxiv tus nqi, lub zeem muag yog heev txaus nyiam.

Titanium tetrachloride yog cov kua tsis muaj xim; melting point ntawm 250K, boiling point ntawm 409K, nrog rau qhov system ntawm excitatory tsw. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau hydrolyze nyob rau hauv dej los yog huab cua ntub thiab emits ib tug ntau ntawm cov pa luam yeeb dawb.

TiCl4+3H2O == H2TiO3+4HCl

Yog li ntawd, TiCl4 yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tub rog raws li ib tug khoom siv pa luam yeeb tus neeg sawv cev, zoo li yog siv nyob rau hauv maritime tsov rog. Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tib neeg siv TiCl4 los tsim cov pos huab hauv av kom txo tau cov cua sov hauv av thaum hmo ntuj, thiab tiv thaiv zaub thiab qoob loo los ntawm kev mob khaub thuas thiab Frost.

Barium metatitanate yog tsim los ntawm melting TiO2 thiab BaCO3 ua ke:

TiO2+BaCO3 == BaTiO3 ten CO2-

Artificially tsim BaTiO3 muaj lub siab dielectric tas li, ua los ntawm cov capacitors muaj lub peev xwm loj dua, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, BaTiO3 muaj qhov tseem ceeb "piezoelectric zog", lub siab siv lead ua yuav tsim tam sim no, lub zog, thiab yuav hloov cov duab. Cov neeg muab tso rau hauv lub yoj ultrasonic, nws yog pressurized los tsim tam sim no, los ntawm kev ntsuas lub zog tam sim no tuaj yeem ntsuas lub zog ultrasonic. Yuav luag tag nrho cov cuab yeej ultrasonic yuav tsum siv nws. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv titanate, nws yog ntau thiab ntau lug siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm non-linear Cheebtsam, dielectric amplifiers, electronics computer nco Cheebtsam, micro-capacitors, electroplating cov ntaub ntawv, aerospace cov ntaub ntawv, muaj zog magnetic, semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv, optical instruments. , reagents thiab lwm yam.

Cov khoom zoo heev ntawm titanium, titanium alloys thiab titanium compounds tau ua rau muaj kev xav tau sai rau lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi siab ntawm kev tsim khoom tau txwv lawv daim ntawv thov. Peb ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv thiab txhim kho ntawm titanium smelting technology, daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium, titanium alloys thiab titanium compounds yuav tsim ntau dua.

Cov khoom siv titanium:

Titanium thiab titanium alloys yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws nrog cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb heev thiab cov ntawv thov dav dav hauv aviation, aerospace, tsheb engineering, biomedical engineering thiab lwm yam haujlwm.

Hom: titanium canonization, industrially ntshiab titanium, -type titanium, -type titanium, + -type titanium