Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Lo Lus Titanium

Nws tau siv ntau tshaj 100 xyoo los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm lub caij titanium mus rau kev tsim cov khoom ntshiab. Kev siv tiag tiag thiab kev lees paub ntawm titanium nws tus kheej tuaj tom qab xyoo 1940.

Kaum kilometers tuab txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto, muaj titanium mus txog rau txhiab, 61 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj tooj liab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv qeb 10 (cov qeb ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust: oxygen, silicon, txhuas, hlau, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, hydrogen, titanium). Tsuas yog rub ib txhais tes ntawm cov av los ntawm hauv av, uas muaj ob peb txhiab ntawm titanium, lub ntiaj teb reserves ntawm ntau tshaj 10 lab tons ntawm titanium ore tsis tshua muaj.

Muaj ntau pua lab tons ntawm xuab zeb thiab gravel nyob rau hauv lub puam, titanium thiab zirconium, ob hom minerals hnyav dua xuab zeb thiab gravel, sib tov nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb thiab gravel, tom qab ntau lab xyoo ntawm seawater hnub thiab hmo ntuj ntxuav, lub hnyav ilmenite. thiab zirconium xuab zeb ore ntxuav ua ke, nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntev, tsim ib daim ntawm titanium thiab zirconium ore txheej. Cov txheej no yog cov xuab zeb dub, feem ntau yog ob peb centimeters mus rau kaum centimeters tuab.

Titanium tsis yog hlau nplaum, thiab nuclear submarines ua nrog nws tsis tas yuav txhawj txog cov mines sib nqus.

Nws tsuas yog xyoo 1947 uas tib neeg pib smelting titanium hauv cov chaw tsim khoom. Xyoo ntawd, tsuas yog 2 tons tau tsim, thiab xyoo 1955, ntau lawm tau nce mus rau 20,000 tons; xyoo 1972, kev tsim khoom tau mus txog 200, 000 tons hauv ib xyoos. Titanium lub hardness zoo ib yam li cov hlau, thaum nws qhov hnyav yog yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov hlau hauv tib lub ntim. Txawm hais tias titanium yog me ntsis hnyav dua aluminium, nws hardness yog ob npaug ntau dua li ntawm txhuas. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm rockets thiab missiles, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm titanium es tsis txhob hlau. Raws li kev txheeb cais, lub ntiaj teb txhua xyoo titanium siv hauv cosmic navigation, tau mus txog ntau tshaj ib txhiab tons. Zoo heev titanium hmoov, los yog foob pob ua ntxaij roj, yog li titanium hu ua lub ntug ntawm hlau, qhov chaw hlau.

Titanium lub tshav kub tsis kam yog zoo heev, melting point mus txog 1668 degree. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, titanium tuaj yeem pw tsis muaj mob hauv ntau cov kua qaub thiab alkali daws. Txawm tias cov kua qaub tshaj plaws, aqua regia, tsis tuaj yeem corrode nws. Titanium tsis ntshai dej hiav txwv, qee cov neeg tau poob ib daim titanium mus rau hauv qab dej hiav txwv, tsib xyoos tom qab ntawd coj mus saib, sab saum toj ntawm cov tsiaj me thiab cov nroj tsuag hauv qab, tab sis tsis muaj xeb. , tseem ci ntsa iab.

Tam sim no, tib neeg pib siv titanium los tsim submarines - titanium submarines. Vim tias titanium muaj zog heev thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus siab, hom submarine no tuaj yeem caij nkoj hauv hiav txwv tob tob li 4500 meters.

Titanium yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov cim tshuaj Ti thiab atomic tooj 22. Nws yog cov xim dawb-dawb hloov pauv hlau uas muaj lub teeb yuag, lub zog siab, nws yog xim hlau, thiab zoo tiv thaiv corrosion (xws li seawater, aqua regia thiab chlorine). Vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj ruaj khov, ua haujlwm zoo rau qhov kub thiab txias, muaj zog acids thiab alkalis, nrog rau lub zog siab thiab qhov ntom ntom, nws yog hu ua "qhov chaw hlau".

Titanium tau pom los ntawm William Gregor hauv Cornwall, England hauv 1791 thiab muaj npe los ntawm Martin Heinrich Klaproth tom qab Titans ntawm Greek mythology.

Titanium yog suav hais tias yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj hlau vim nws muaj dispersed nyob rau hauv cov xwm thiab nyuaj rau extraction. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov txheeb ze kev nplua nuj yog qhov thib kaum siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus.[3] Lub ntsiab ore ntawm titanium yog cov titanic ores. [3] Lub ntsiab ores ntawm titanium yog ilmenite thiab rutile, uas yog dav nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust thiab lithosphere. Titanium kuj muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob, pob zeb, dej lub cev thiab av [4]. Titanium yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov ore loj siv Kroll [5] los yog Hunt txoj kev. Feem ntau cov khoom siv ntawm titanium, titanium dioxide, yog siv los ua cov xim dawb [6]. Lwm cov ntsiab lus suav nrog titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) (siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hauv kev tsim cov pa luam yeeb lossis cov ntawv sau saum toj saud) thiab titanium trichloride (TiCl₃) (siv los ua kom cov khoom tsim ntawm polypropylene) [4].

Titanium tuaj yeem ua alloyed nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus xws li hlau, txhuas, vanadium, los yog molybdenum los tsim lub teeb pom kev zoo uas muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv aerospace (jet engines, missiles, thiab spacecraft), tub rog, industrial processes (chemicals thiab cov khoom siv roj av, desalination, thiab ntawv), tsheb, khoom noj khoom haus, tshuaj (prosthetics, orthopedic implants, thiab cov cuab yeej siv kho hniav thiab sau), cov khoom ua si, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab cov xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam. [4].

Ob qho ntawm cov khoom siv tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm titanium yog, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab lub zog siab tshaj plaws-rau-hnyav piv ntawm cov hlau [7]. Nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev unalloyed, titanium muaj zog li ib co steels, tab sis 45% sib dua [8]. Muaj ob lub isotopes[9] thiab tsib lub isotopes tshwm sim los ntawm Ti mus rau Ti, nrog ntau tshaj plaws yog Ti (73.8%) [10]. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev ntawm titanium zoo ib yam li cov zirconium vim qhov tseeb tias ob leeg muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm valence electrons thiab koom nrog tib pab pawg hauv lub sijhawm.