Discovery ntawm Titanium: Gregor 1791, Klaproth 1795 thiab cov txheej txheem Kroll
Jan 30, 2024
Titanium tsis pom los ntawm ib tus neeg nyob rau ib hnub. Nws tau lees paub ob zaug, tsib xyoos thiab ib lub tebchaws sib nrug, los ntawm cov txiv neej ua haujlwm nrog cov zaub mov sib txawv thiab ntau txoj kev. Kev nkag siab txog qhov ua ntu zus piav qhia tias vim li cas lub caij muaj lub npe Greek muab los ntawm German chemist, vim li cas nws thawj cov hlau tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo tom qab nws nrhiav pom, thiab vim li cas kev tsim khoom tsuas yog ua lag luam hauv xyoo 1940s.
Titanium yog dab tsi thiab qhov twg nws tshwm sim
Titanium yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hlau nrog atomic tooj 22 thiab atomic hnyav 47.87. Nws ua txog li 0.6 feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb los ntawm qhov hnyav, qeb thib cuaj ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus thiab thib plaub ntawm cov qauv hlau tom qab txhuas, hlau thiab magnesium. Nws yeej tsis tshwm sim raws li ib txwm hlau, vim hais tias nws reacts nrog oxygen heev. Ob qho khoom lag luam tseem ceeb yog rutile, qhov tseem ceeb titanium dioxide nrog cov qauv siv lead ua tetragonal thiab Mohs hardness txog 6 txog 6.5, thiab ilmenite, hlau titanium oxide nrog cov mis FeTiO3. Ob leeg pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb xuab zeb thiab hauv cov pob zeb nyuaj.
Cov khoom muaj nqis los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke txawv txawv: qhov ntom ntawm 4.51 g / cm3 rau cov hlau ntshiab, uas yog li ntawm 57 feem pua ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau qhov chaw melting ze ntawm 1668 degrees Celsius, ruaj khov passive oxide zaj duab xis, thiab zoo sib xws nrog tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke yog dab tsi ua rau kev tshawb nrhiav rau txoj hauv kev tawm tswv yim.
1791: William Gregor hauv Manaccan Valley
Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog los ntawm William Gregor (1762 txog 1817), ib tug txiv plig Askiv thiab tus kws paub txog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm pawg ntseeg ntawm Creed hauv Cornwall. Xyoo 1791 nws tau tshuaj xyuas cov xuab zeb dub los ntawm cov kwj deg nyob ze Manaccan hav. Nws tau cais cov hlau nplaum hlau nrog cov hlau nplaum thiab tom qab ntawd yaj cov seem hauv cov kua qaub, cia siab tias yuav pom tsis muaj dab tsi txawv txav. Hloov chaw nws tau txais ib qho dawb oxide uas coj zoo li tsis paub cov khoom: nws tsis yog hlau nplaum, nws tsuas yog yaj nrog kev nyuaj, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem txo los ntawm txoj kev ua haujlwm ntawm hlau oxides.
Gregor xaus lus tias cov xuab zeb muaj cov hlau tsis tau piav qhia yav dhau los, thiab nws tau hu ua oxide menachanite tom qab qhov chaw pom cov xuab zeb. Nws tau tshaj tawm qhov tshwm sim hauv phau ntawv xov xwm German, uas yog ib qho laj thawj uas nws qhov tseem ceeb tom qab raug nug thiab nws thiaj li lees paub ntau dua li qhov xav tau.
1795: Klaproth, Rutile thiab lub npe Titanium
Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743 txog 1817) yog ib tug kws tshuaj German nrog rau kev nkag mus rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av. Nyob rau hauv 1795, thaum soj ntsuam liab rutile los ntawm Hungary, nws cais tib yam dawb oxide thiab pom tau hais tias nws yog los ntawm ib tug tshiab lub caij. Nws muab nws lub npe titanium, tom qab Titans ntawm Greek mythology, siv rau lub zog ntawm cov khoom tshiab. Klaproth tom qab kawm txog Gregor cov ntawv tshaj tawm ua ntej thiab lees paub nws qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog vim li cas qhov kev tshawb pom tau muab qhab nia rau Gregor hauv 1791 thiab lub npe rau Klaproth hauv 1795. Cov ntxhia lub npe rutile los ntawm Latin lo lus rau reddish, tom qab xim ntawm cov qauv Hungarian.
Los ntawm Impure Powder rau Ductile Hlau
Paub txog lub ntsiab yog qhov yooj yim. Txo nws mus rau hlau siv 130 xyoo, vim tias titanium ua ke nrog cov pa oxygen, nitrogen, carbon thiab hydrogen thiaj li yooj yim kom txhua qhov kev sim tsim cov hmoov nkig, cov kab mob sib kis uas tawg es tsis txhob deforming.
| Xyoo | Tus kws tshawb nrhiav | Kev pab |
|---|---|---|
| 1791 | William Gregor | Txheeb xyuas qhov tsis paub oxide hauv cov xuab zeb dub los ntawm Manaccan, Cornwall; hu ua menachanite |
| 1795 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Pom tib lub caij hauv Hungarian rutile thiab hu ua nws titanium |
| 1825 | Jons Jacob Berzelius | Txo cov poov tshuaj fluorotitanate nrog cov poov tshuaj, tau txais cov titanium tsis huv |
| 1887 | Nilson thiab Pettersson | Txo cov titanium tetrachloride nrog sodium hauv lub foob pob hlau, ncav cuag li 95 feem pua purity |
| 1910 | Matthew A. Hunter | Kub titanium tetrachloride nrog sodium ntawm 700 txog 800 degrees Celsius, ua titanium txog li 99.9 feem pua purity |
| 1925 | van Arkel thiab de Boer | Tsim cov iodide siv lead ua-bar txheej txheem, tsim thawj titanium tiag tiag ductile |
| 1940 | William Justin Kroll | Txo cov titanium tetrachloride nrog magnesium, tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub |
| 1948 | Muaj ntau lawm | Kev lag luam titanium daim txhuam cev tso tawm tau pib, txav cov hlau los ntawm chav kuaj mus rau cov khoom siv engineering |
Cov txheej txheem iodide ntawm xyoo 1925 yog qhov hloov pauv rau kev tshawb fawb: los ntawm kev decomposing titanium iodide rau ntawm qhov kub hnyiab, van Arkel thiab de Boer tau cov hlau ntshiab txaus los khoov thiab dov, ua pov thawj tias brittleness tau tshaj tawm rau ib puas xyoo yog ib qho teeb meem sib kis ntau dua li cov cuab yeej ntawm titanium. Nws qeeb dhau thiab kim dhau rau kev tsim khoom tonnage, tab sis nws tsim lub hom phiaj uas tom qab cov txheej txheem yuav tsum ncav cuag.
Cov txheej txheem Kroll thiab kev lag luam niaj hnub
Cov txheej txheem Kroll txo cov titanium tetrachloride nrog molten magnesium nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw inert los tsim titanium daim txhuam cev, uas yog ces melted nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev arcs tshem tawm volatile residues thiab alloying ntxiv. Nws qhov zoo dua ntawm txoj kev sodium yog qhov txo qis qis, kev sib cais zoo dua ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ib daim txhuam cev uas yooj yim rau kev daws. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo, tau lees paub ntawm kev lag luam nplai hauv xyoo 1940s, yog vim li cas cov txheej txheem tseem tseem muaj lub ntiaj teb titanium ntau lawm.
Qhov tshwm sim rau kev ua lag luam yog cov khoom siv sib txuas uas ntev thiab cov txheej txheem rhiab heev. Daim txhuam cev, lub tshuab nqus tsev arc remelting, forging thiab dov txhua tus nqi ntxiv, thiab kev sib kis sib kis tau qhia nyob txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov saw pom tau tias txo qis hauv cov khoom tiav. Qhov no yog vim li cas titanium qib yog tswj tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm alloying ntsiab tab sis kuj los ntawm oxygen, nitrogen thiab hydrogen txwv nyob rau hauv specifications xws li ASTM B348 rau bar thiab ASTM B338 rau raj.
Cov Lus Qhia Tsis Txaus Siab Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb
Titanium tau muab npe los ntawm nws tus neeg nrhiav pom.Gregor hu ua oxide menachanite. Lub npe titanium tau qhia los ntawm Klaproth hauv xyoo 1795.
Klaproth nrhiav pom titanium.Nws tus kheej txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab lus, tab sis Gregor tau cais cov oxide nyob rau hauv 1791 thiab Klaproth nws tus kheej tau lees paub qhov no.
Titanium yeej ib txwm paub tias yog ductile.Rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo nws raug suav hais tias yog nkig; Cov txheej txheem iodide hauv xyoo 1925 tau pom tias cov brittleness tuaj ntawm impurities.
Titanium tsis tshua muaj.Nws yog plaub feem ntau cov qauv hlau nyob rau hauv lub crust. Dab tsi yog scarce yog pheej yig hlau, tsis yog lub caij.
Cov txheej txheem Kroll yog thawj txoj kev txo qis.Sodium txo qis ua ntej nws, thiab ob qho tib si tsim los ntawm chloride chemistry tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19.
FAQ
Q: Leej twg nrhiav tau titanium thiab xyoo twg?
William Gregor, tus txiv plig hais lus Askiv thiab tus kws paub txog kev ua haujlwm hauv mineralogist, tau txheeb xyuas qhov tsis paub oxide hauv cov xuab zeb dub los ntawm Manaccan hav hauv Cornwall xyoo 1791. Martin Heinrich Klaproth pom tib lub ntsiab lus hauv rutile xyoo 1795 thiab muab nws lub npe titanium.
Q: Vim li cas titanium muaj npe tom qab Titans?
Klaproth tau xaiv lub npe xyoo 1795 los txhawb lub zog ntawm lub caij tshiab, coj nws los ntawm Titans ntawm Greek mythology.
Q: Vim li cas nws thiaj li siv sijhawm txog xyoo 1948 rau kev tsim khoom titanium?
Vim tias titanium bonds nkag tau nrog oxygen, nitrogen thiab carbon, yog li kev txo qis thaum ntxov ua rau cov hmoov tsis huv. Tsuas yog tom qab txoj kev sodium thiab iodide tau ua pov thawj tias ntshiab, ductile titanium tau ua tau cov txheej txheem txo magnesium tsim los ntawm Kroll los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm.
Q: Kroll txheej txheem yog dab tsi?
Nws yog magnesium txo ntawm titanium tetrachloride nyob rau hauv inert cua los tsim titanium daim txhuam cev, uas yog ces nqus arc melted rau hauv ingots. Nws tseem yog txoj kev lag luam tseem ceeb.
Q: Ntau npaum li cas titanium nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust?
Kwv yees li 0.6 feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav, ua rau nws yog cuaj feem ntau cov ntsiab lus thiab thib plaub feem ntau cov qauv hlau tom qab txhuas, hlau thiab magnesium.
Q: Qhov txawv ntawm rutile thiab ilmenite yog dab tsi?
Rutile yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm titanium dioxide thiab yog cov nplua nuj dua, thaum ilmenite yog hlau titanium oxide, FeTiO3, uas yuav tsum tau ua ntxiv rau cais cov hlau ua ntej chlorination.
